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“医学之父”希波克拉底(3)

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【摘要】:20 我将尊重病者隐私,因病患相告,本恐他人知晓。生死攸关之事,我犹应小心处理。若能救人一命,心存感念。然我能力所及,亦可夺人性命;重任在前

20 我将尊重病者隐私,因病患相告,本恐他人知晓。生死攸关之事,我犹应小心处理。若能救人一命,心存感念。然我能力所及,亦可夺人性命;重任在前,须怀有极大的谦卑之心,认清自身弱点。首先,切莫以上帝自居。

21I will remember that I do not treat afever chart36fever chart 发热图;体温记录图。,a cancerous37cancerous 癌症的。growth,but a sick human being,whose illness may affect the person’s family and economic responsibility includes these related problems,if I am to care adequately for the sick.

21 我将谨记,我治疗的并非一张发热图,亦非癌症的增殖,而是一个患病之人,他的病可能会影响其家人与经济稳定。如我充分关怀病者,我的职责亦当包括这些相关问题。

22I will prevent disease whenever I can,for prevention is preferable to cure.

22 我将随时预防疾病,因为预防胜于治疗。

23I will remember that I remain a member of society,with special obligations to all my fellow human beings,those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.

23 我将谨记,我是社会一员,对人类同胞怀有特殊义务,不论老弱抑或身心健全之人。

24If I do not violate this oath,may I enjoy life and art,respected while I live and remembered with affection I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

24 我若守此约誓,愿我安享人生及技艺,有生之年受人尊敬,待到身后受人缅怀。愿我一如既往,守医业优良传统。病者求援,手到病除,愿我长得此乐。

25 Though many of today’s physicians believe the oath is inadequate to address today’s economic,political and social challenges,doctors still hold sacred its principles: treat the sick to the best of one’s ability,keep them from harm and injustice,preserve patient privacy and teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation.■

25 尽管今日许多医者认为这篇誓词不适于应对今日的经济、政治和社会挑战,但是医生仍然坚守这神圣的原则:尽己之力医治病者,使病者免遭伤害与不公,保护病者隐私,将医学之秘传于后代。 □

Hippocrates of Kos1科斯岛,希腊斯波拉泽斯群岛(Sporades)中的一个岛屿,临土耳其的哥科瓦海湾(G?kova)。was a Greek physician who lived from about 460 B.C.to 375 B.C.At a time when most people attributed sickness to superstition2superstition 迷信。and the wrath3wrath 愤怒;愤慨。of the gods,Hippocrates taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause.He established the first intellectual school devoted to teaching the practice of this,he is widely known as the“father of medicine.”科斯岛的希波克拉底是古希腊医师,大约生活于公元前460年至公元前375年。时人大都将疾病归咎于迷信和神怒,而希波克拉底则教导世人,举凡疾病,不论类型,皆由自然原因所致。他创立了第一所研究学校,专门传授医道。为此,世人将他尊为“医学之父”。2 Approximately 60 medical documents associated with his name,including the famous Hippocratic oath4oath 誓言。,have survived to this documents were eventually gathered into a collection known as theHippocratic Corpus5corpus 文集;语料库。.While Hippocrates may not have written all of them himself,the papers are a reflection of his Hippocrates’ example,medical practice pointed in a new direction,one that would move toward a more rational and scientific view of 与其名相关的医学文献,约有60 种存世至今,包括著名的希波克拉底誓词。这些文献最终汇编成集,称作《希波克拉底文集》。虽然这些文献可能并非全部出自希波克拉底一人之手,却反映了他的哲学思想。希波克拉底垂范后世,为行医之道指明了新的方向,这一新的方向趋于一种更加理性、合乎科学的医学理念。The four humors四种体液3 Hippocrates is often credited with developing the theory of the four humors6humor 体液。,or Aristotle and Galen7古罗马医学家及哲学家,发展了希波克拉底的体液说。also contributed to the later,William Shakespeare incorporated the humors into his writings when describing human 众所周知,希波克拉底提出了四种体液或流质的学说。哲学家亚里士多德和盖伦也为这一思想作出了贡献。几百年后,威廉·莎士比亚描述人类特性时将体液的概念融入了其作品。4 The humors were yellow bile8bile 胆汁;坏脾气;愤怒。,black bile,blood and phlegm9phlegm 黏液;痰。,according to“The World of Shakespeare’s Humors,”an exhibition by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)10美国国家卫生研究院,隶属于美国卫生及人类服务部,是美国联邦政府中首要的生物医学研究机构。.Each humor was associated with a particular element (earth,water,air or fire),two“qualities”(cold,hot,moist,dry)11黄胆对应“热”和“干”,黑胆对应“冷”和“干”,血液对应“热”和“湿”,黏液对应“冷”和“湿”。,certain body organs and certain ages (childhood,adolescence,maturity,old age).4 根据美国国家卫生研究院举办的“莎士比亚笔下的体液世界”展览,这四种体液是黄胆、黑胆、血液和黏液。每种体液都和某种元素(土、水、风、火)、两种“特质”(冷、热、潮、干)、某种身体器官和某种年龄(童年、少年、壮年、老年)息息相关。5 The interactions among the humors,qualities,organs and ages—as well as the influence of the seasons and planets—determined a person’s physical and mental health,as well as their disposition12disposition 性格;脾气。or personality.(Galen used the term“temperament13temperament 气质;性情。”and literally14literally 字面上;逐字地。meant that health and personality were affected by temperature—cold,hot,dry or wet.This notion is reflected in the idioms“catching a cold”or having a“dry sense of humor.”)5 体液、特质、器官、年龄之间的相互作用——以及季节、星球的影响——决定了一个人的身心健康,以及性格或个性。(盖伦使用“气质”一词,字面意思是健康和个性都受温度影响——冷、热、干、湿。catching a cold[“得了感冒”]或者having a dry sense of humor[“有种冷幽默”]这样的习语就反映了这一观念。)According to the theory:根据这一理论:6 Yellow bile is related to the choleric15choleric 易怒的。disposition and the qualities of hot and dry.It is associated with fire,summer,the gallbladder16gallbladder 胆囊。and 黄胆质的人性格易怒,体质干热。黄胆与火、夏天、胆囊和童年有关。7 Black bile is related to the melancholic17melancholic 忧郁的。disposition and the qualities of cold and dry.It is associated with earth,winter,the spleen18spleen 脾脏。and old age.7 黑胆质的人性格忧郁,体质干冷。黑胆与土、冬天、脾脏和老年有关。8 Blood is connected to the sanguine19sanguine 乐观的;充满希望的。disposition and the qualities of hot and moist.It is linked to air,spring,the heart and 多血质的人性格乐观,体质湿热。血液与风、春天、心脏和少年有关。9 Phlegm is related to the phlegmatic20phlegmatic 黏液质的;冷静的;镇定的。disposition and the qualities of cold and moist.It is connected to water,the brain and 黏液质的人性格冷静,体质湿冷。黏液与水、大脑和壮年有关。10 Differences due to age,gender,emotions and disposition could be attributed to the interactions of the humors,according to the NIH stimulated action;cold depressed with a choleric disposition was courageous,but phlegm caused cowardice21cowardice 胆小。.Youth was hot and moist;age was cold and dry.10 根据国家卫生研究院的展览,年龄、性别、情感和性格所产生的差异可归因于体液之间的相互作用。热促进行动,冷抑制行动。性格易怒的人胆大,黏液质的人则胆小。青春湿热,老年则干冷。11 According to the ancient theory,the key to good health was to keep the humors in balance;an excess22excess 过度;过剩;多余。or deficiency23deficiency 不足;短缺。in one or more of the humors was associated with the doctor would let blood (open a vein24vein 静脉;特征。and drain25drain 去除体液;(使)排出;放干。the patient’s blood) or prescribe26prescribe 开药;规定。emetics27emetics 催吐剂。(medicine that causes vomiting) in order to balance the 根据古代理论,平衡体液是健康的关键;疾病与某种体液或多种体液过剩或不足有关。有时候,为了平衡体液,医生会放血(割开静脉让病人的血淌出)或者开催吐剂(促使呕吐的药物)。12 These ideas represented the first step away from the predominantly28predominantly 占主导地位地;占绝大多数地。supernatural view of sickness and a step toward a new idea that illness is related to the environment and what is going on inside the body.12 这些观念代表了摆脱关于疾病的主流迷信说的第一步,这一步迈向了一种全新的理念,即疾病与环境以及身体的内部运作有关。Hippocratic oath13 Often included in theHippocratic Corpusis the Hippocratic oath,an ancient code of ethics29ethics 伦理。for ,the oath is valued as more of a historic example of medical ethics and principles rather than one to be taken completely 《希波克拉底文集》往往收录希波克拉底誓词,这篇誓词是古代行医伦理规范。今天,这篇誓词更被人奉为医者伦理和职业操守的历史典范,而非让人照本宣科。希波克拉底誓词14 The following is a modern version of the oath written in 1964 by Dr.Louis Lasagna,then a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University and later dean of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University:14 以下是这篇誓词的现代版本,由时任约翰·霍普金斯大学医学教授、后任塔夫茨大学萨克勒生物医学研究生院院长路易·拉萨尼亚博士于1964年所撰:15I swear to fulfill,to the best of my ability and judgment,this covenant30covenant 契约;协定;盟约。:15 我誓尽己力与识见所及,矢守此约:16I will respect the hard-won31hard-won 来之不易的。scien-tific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk,and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to 我将尊重步其履后的先贤医者得来不易的科学成果,凡我所知,亦乐与后来者共享。17I will apply,for the benefit of the sick,all measures [that]are required,avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment32overtreatment 治疗过当。and therapeutic nihilism33therapeutic nihilism治疗虚无主义,即通过治疗不可能治愈人或社会的弊病。.17 我将竭尽一切方法,造福病者,避免治疗过当与治疗虚无主义的双重陷阱。18I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science,and that warmth,sympathy,and understanding may outweigh34outweigh 比……重要;胜过;超过。the surgeon’s knife or the chemist’s drug.18 我将谨记,医疗既是科学,亦是艺术,热诚、体恤、谅解胜于外科医生的手术刀与药剂师的药物。19I will not be ashamed to say“I know not,”nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient’s 我将不以“不懂”为耻,病者痊愈若需他人之助,我亦不避援请同业。20I will respect the privacy of my patients,for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death.If it is given me to save a life,all it may also be within my power to take a life;this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and aware-ness of my own frailty35frailty(性格或道德上的)弱点。.Above all,I must not play at God.20 我将尊重病者隐私,因病患相告,本恐他人知晓。生死攸关之事,我犹应小心处理。若能救人一命,心存感念。然我能力所及,亦可夺人性命;重任在前,须怀有极大的谦卑之心,认清自身弱点。首先,切莫以上帝自居。21I will remember that I do not treat afever chart36fever chart 发热图;体温记录图。,a cancerous37cancerous 癌症的。growth,but a sick human being,whose illness may affect the person’s family and economic responsibility includes these related problems,if I am to care adequately for the sick.21 我将谨记,我治疗的并非一张发热图,亦非癌症的增殖,而是一个患病之人,他的病可能会影响其家人与经济稳定。如我充分关怀病者,我的职责亦当包括这些相关问题。22I will prevent disease whenever I can,for prevention is preferable to cure.22 我将随时预防疾病,因为预防胜于治疗。23I will remember that I remain a member of society,with special obligations to all my fellow human beings,those sound of mind and body as well as the 我将谨记,我是社会一员,对人类同胞怀有特殊义务,不论老弱抑或身心健全之人。24If I do not violate this oath,may I enjoy life and art,respected while I live and remembered with affection I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.24 我若守此约誓,愿我安享人生及技艺,有生之年受人尊敬,待到身后受人缅怀。愿我一如既往,守医业优良传统。病者求援,手到病除,愿我长得此乐。25 Though many of today’s physicians believe the oath is inadequate to address today’s economic,political and social challenges,doctors still hold sacred its principles: treat the sick to the best of one’s ability,keep them from harm and injustice,preserve patient privacy and teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation.■25 尽管今日许多医者认为这篇誓词不适于应对今日的经济、政治和社会挑战,但是医生仍然坚守这神圣的原则:尽己之力医治病者,使病者免遭伤害与不公,保护病者隐私,将医学之秘传于后代。 □

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